{"id":5229,"date":"2020-08-30T08:38:15","date_gmt":"2020-08-30T08:38:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/well-grounded.org\/tester-et-apprendre-ou-realiser-a-marche-forcee\/"},"modified":"2022-06-29T13:36:16","modified_gmt":"2022-06-29T13:36:16","slug":"essai-et-apprentissage-ou-mise-en-oeuvre-a-marche-forcee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/well-grounded.org\/fr\/essai-et-apprentissage-ou-mise-en-oeuvre-a-marche-forcee\/","title":{"rendered":"Test et apprentissage, ou mise en place \u00e0 marche forc\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p>Lorsqu&rsquo;un donateur lance un appel \u00e0 propositions, le d\u00e9lai entre la soumission de la proposition et le d\u00e9but du projet peut g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement prendre de 6 mois \u00e0 un an. Cela suppose que les circonstances soient rest\u00e9es les m\u00eames \u2013 ce qui est \u00e9videmment faux !<\/p>\n<p>De plus, les organisations disposent souvent de peu de temps et de moyens pour r\u00e9diger des propositions. Bien s\u00fbr, elles connaissent leur travail, leurs objectifs et leurs enjeux, mais r\u00e9diger une proposition est un savant m\u00e9lange entre les besoins r\u00e9els sur le terrain, les capacit\u00e9s et les choix de l\u2019organisation et les directives des donateurs. De tout cela \u00e9merge un projet, bas\u00e9 sur des hypoth\u00e8ses et des priorit\u00e9s correspondant \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9. Que valent ces hypoth\u00e8ses six mois ou un an apr\u00e8s ?<\/p>\n<p>Il serait int\u00e9ressant de les tester, de les confronter \u00e0 la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, de les affiner, de les am\u00e9liorer et de les questionner. Malheureusement, l&rsquo;organisation s&rsquo;est engag\u00e9e \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre les activit\u00e9s X, Y et Z, avec un budget d\u00e9fini et dans un d\u00e9lai fix\u00e9. Quel d\u00e9fi\u00a0!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Limitation des capacit\u00e9s d&rsquo;apprentissage <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bien que cette approche soit compr\u00e9hensible d&rsquo;un point de vue administratif et comptable, elle entrave la capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;analyse et d&rsquo;adaptation d&rsquo;une organisation lorsqu&rsquo;elle est confront\u00e9e \u00e0 un probl\u00e8me. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, les organisations sont oblig\u00e9es de mettre en \u0153uvre les activit\u00e9s pr\u00e9vues, en croisant les doigts pour que le r\u00e9sultat soit celui attendu \u00e0 la fin du projet.<\/p>\n<p>Bien s\u00fbr, certains donateurs vous diront qu&rsquo;ils sont \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9coute, qu&rsquo;il est possible de changer les objectifs ou d&rsquo;adapter les activit\u00e9s. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, de nombreuses organisations ne se sentent pas autoris\u00e9es \u00e0 le faire, car cela pourrait \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une mauvaise anticipation et planification.<\/p>\n<p>Lors de la mise en \u0153uvre de projets \u00e0 marche forc\u00e9e, les organisations ne d\u00e9veloppent pas leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 poser des questions, \u00e0 obtenir des commentaires des participants ou \u00e0 rechercher de nouvelles solutions. On a dit qu\u2019on ferait \u00e7a, alors on doit s\u2019y tenir ! Cette approche valorise les chefs de projet, des personnes capables de tenir un budget et ayant des capacit\u00e9s de reporting, mais cela ne favorise pas l\u2019apprentissage ou l\u2019innovation. Dans un monde aussi complexe, qui \u00e9volue \u00e0 un rythme toujours plus rapide, nous devons valoriser les tests et le droit \u00e0 l\u2019erreur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>L&rsquo;approche du secteur priv\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Prenons un moment pour examiner les nouvelles m\u00e9thodologies provenant du secteur priv\u00e9. Le plan d\u2019affaires proposant une projection financi\u00e8re \u00e0 5 ans a bien fonctionn\u00e9. Il est utilis\u00e9 par les banquiers, par exemple pour financer une boulangerie ; une activit\u00e9 stable dans un environnement stable. Toutefois, dans le domaine de l\u2019innovation, lors de la cr\u00e9ation de nouvelles activit\u00e9s r\u00e9pondant \u00e0 de nouveaux besoins, les m\u00e9thodes \u00e9mergentes sont le \u00ab Design thinking \u00bb, \u00ab l\u2019Agilit\u00e9 \u00bb, le \u00ab Lean Start-up \u00bb. Qu\u2019ont-elles en commun? Le fait d\u2019accepter qu\u2019au d\u00e9but d\u2019un projet, il y a beaucoup d\u2019inconnus et de risques, et qu\u2019il est impossible de tous les identifier. Nous \u00e9voluons en territoire inconnu. Ce qui compte, c\u2019est de commencer doucement, de tester une id\u00e9e, d\u2019apprendre, de la remettre en question, de pivoter, d\u2019aller dans une autre direction et d\u2019avancer. L\u2019erreur n\u2019est pas une fatalit\u00e9, mais une \u00e9tape n\u00e9cessaire vers une solution viable. En fait, l\u2019erreur serait de planifier un projet pendant un an, de d\u00e9velopper une solution et de d\u00e9couvrir \u00e0 la fin de cette ann\u00e9e que, de toute \u00e9vidence, les choses ne se sont pas d\u00e9roul\u00e9es comme pr\u00e9vu.<\/p>\n<p>Cette approche par \u00e9tapes est probablement la plus naturelle pour l\u2019homme et la plus efficace : c\u2019est ainsi que les civilisations se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es. Evidemment, elle est moins confortable pour les donateurs car elle demande flexibilit\u00e9, adaptabilit\u00e9, acceptation de l\u2019inconnu et des erreurs. Compte tenu des co\u00fbts humains, sociaux et environnementaux de tous ces projets, il convient de se demander : est-ce aux organisations de s\u2019adapter aux r\u00e8gles administratives rigides des bailleurs de fonds ou est-ce plut\u00f4t aux bailleurs de s\u2019adapter au monde complexe qu\u2019ils souhaitent am\u00e9liorer ?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4476,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[284],"tags":[141,142,143,295],"class_list":["post-5229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-temoignages-du-terrain","tag-agilite","tag-apprentissage","tag-innovation","tag-processus-de-financement"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Test et apprentissage, ou mise en place \u00e0 marche forc\u00e9e - 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